Transport in the Industrial Revolution

During the period of major industrial change known as the ‘Industrial Revolution’, the methods of transport also changed greatly. Historians and economists agree that any industrializing society needs to have an effective transport network, to enable the movement of heavy products and materials around in order to open up access to raw materials, reduce the price of these materials and the resulting goods, break down local monopolies caused by poor transport networks and allow for an integrated economy where regions of the country could specialize. While historians sometimes disagree over whether the developments in transport experienced by first Britain, then the world, were a pre-condition allowing for industrialization, or a result of the process, the network definitely changed.   Britain Pre-Revolution In 1750, the most commonly used start date for the revolution, Britain relied on transport via a wide-ranging but poor and expensive road network, a network of rivers which could move heavier items but which was restricted by the routes nature had given, and the sea, taking goods from port to port. Each system of transport was operating at full capacity, and chaffing greatly against the limits. Over the next two centuries industrializing Britain would experience advances in their road network, and develop two new systems: first the canals, essentially man-made rivers, and then the railways. Development in Roads The British  road  network was generally poor prior to industrialization, and as pressure from changing industry grew, so the road network began to innovate in the form of Turnpike Trusts. These charged tolls to travel on especially improved roads, and helped meet demand at the start of the revolution. However, many deficiencies remained and new modes of transport were invented as a result. Invention of Canals Rivers had been used for transport for centuries, but they had problems. In the early modern period attempts were made to improve rivers, such as cutting past long meanders, and out of this grew the canal network, essentially man-made waterways which could move heavy goods more easily and cheaply. A boom began in the Midlands and Northwest, opening up new markets for a growing industry, but they remained slow. The Railway Industry Railways developed in the first half of the nineteenth century and, after a slow start, boomed in two periods of railway mania. The industrial revolution was able to grow even more, but many of the key changes had already begun without rail. Suddenly the lower classes in society could travel much further, more easily, and the regional differences in Britain began to break down.

The Preservation Of Life And The Right - 1557 Words

The preservation of life and the right to protect it, is the inherent responsibility of anyone who considers themselves a defender of freedom. It gives the nation its spirit in the face of tyranny, a voice that shouts through oppression and a sense of order through the cloud dysfunction and discombobulation. It is essential to understand what the essence of freedom encompasses as the nation drives forward in its examples of both security and defense for the world to emulate. The United States continues to become the focal point of attacks by an enemy who sees America as a â€Å"cesspool of evil† that needs to be eradicated. This hatred is not limited to one region or area of the world or its people that inhabit them. Whether the attack is physical or through an avenue that cannot be seen, such as a cyber attack, a growing number of threats and attacks threaten the very core of what American Ideology is all about. The Department of Homeland Security and Homeland Defense were co nstructed to secure and defend the nation from such brazen attacks by preparing local, state and federal assets to protect against foreign intrusion and natural disasters in and out of the United States. While the Department of Homeland Security and Homeland Defense solidified critical procedures against terror, those procedures are not all inclusive and adapt as the threat changes. Several agencies work on a 24 hour basis to ensure the sovereignty of the nation remains intact. The enemies of the UnitedShow MoreRelatedState of Nature and Freedom: Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes1424 Words   |  6 PagesHobbes writes that in the state nature, â€Å"the liberty each man hath to use his own power as he will himself for the preservation of his own nature; doing anything which, in his own judgement and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means there unto† (ch. 14,  ¶1). 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However, this argument does not take into account that although there are cases where people canRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom On Freedom816 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Second Treatise of Government, Locke discusses how to be free is to preserve one’s self: â€Å"To be free from such force is the only security of my preservation; a nd reason bids me look on him, as an enemy to my preservation, who would take away that freedom which is the fence to it.† Locke explains that others become involved with preserving life in another in order to secure one’s own liberty. Thus, it is also important to preserve liberty within mankind to keep oneself free. This idea of helpingRead MoreComparing Machiavelli And Machiavelli s Views On Glory, Courage, And Honor Differ1309 Words   |  6 Pages Hobbes and Machiavelli were both advocates of self-preservation in their philosophies, although Hobbes placed higher priority on the idea of self-preservation more so than Machiavelli. 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If Rousseau’s theory were to be true, that if civilizations of people do not form, pity and self-preservation would secure order in humanity, then Mill’s concern on the principal of liberty would also be successfully achieved. However, due to the inevitable rise of civil society, Rousseau’s theory of human nature is corrupted and I believe that from thisRead MoreHobbes And The State Of Nature1549 Words   |  7 Pagesreversal of the state of nature. Hobbes believes that men are not born to be sociable and that it is not in their nature to seek a life together. Instead, Hobbes contends that men will create an abso lute sovereign entity to govern all men. There are contradictions of Hobbes arguments particularly the question of how men are able to give up their freedom and rights to live under a sovereign that implement laws and punishments, rather than staying in the state of nature where they are free to do whatRead MoreCultural Tradition And Cultural Traditions1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who aren’t part of the culture. They think that the actual preservation of traditions means not to change the customs and traditions, to not grow from our culture, for example not learning another language because you already know your mother tongue. It is a way to group up and tag everyone in a form of an alliance, and to have better organization and awareness of where everyone comes from. I think the actual process of preservation is altering something so that it will remain as is, not changeRead MoreEssay about Comparing Hobbes and Lockes Versions of the Social Contract1349 Words   |  6 Pagesare equal and has natural rights in a state of nature where they are free from outside rule. In the state of nature, people have the right to judge someone and execute the law against someone who violates their rights. People take what they need from the earth but usually take more than they need. Then they develop a common currency in order to trade their extra goods. Hobbes claims that everyone is equal (Hobbes: Ch.13 pg. 531), everyone should fight for self-preservation (Hobbes: Ch.14 pg. 533)

Men and Their Music in Death of a Salesman by F. Scott...

Describing auditory sensations in text is often very difficult. Nevertheless, Arthur Miller in his play Death of a Salesman and F. Scott Fitzgerald in his novel The Great Gatsby. Music is a very useful method of communicating in prose because it can give off a sensation to the reader that mere text or dialogue cannot. Although the authors use drastically different types of music, one using popular music and the other using solo instrumental music, both authors are very effective. The authors use music ironically in order to undermine the classical masculinity of their characters. Both Willy and Gatsby are originally portrayed as prime examples of traditional masculinity. Wilily is described as a well-respected and successful traveling salesman. Similarly, Gatsby is a military man with an Oxford education. Both men are described as classical epitomes of masculinity: self-reliant, financially successful men who lead a life that others aspire to. 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Importance of Organizational Behaviour Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Behaviour. Answer: Introduction In the context of organisational behaviour, proper decision making is imperative as management of human capital is one of the focused areas of business organisations. The study that shows how people interact within groups is known as organisational behaviour. Creativity and efficiency of a business organisation mostly depend on the organisational behaviour. It is a kind of scientific approach that can be applied to the management employees or workers. The connection of the decision making with the organisational behaviour is the main focus of the whole study. The theories related to organisational behaviour are mainly used for the purpose of maximising the output from individuals or group members leading towards proper management of human resource of a business organisation. By identifying the core description presented in the three selected articles, the study identifies the co-relation of organisational behaviour with the decision making process. On the other hand, similarities as well as the dissimilarities of the articles have been evaluated. Alternatively, some possible reconciliation, integration of the collected information, and practical application of the theories have been depicted in the study. Meanwhile, improvement of the job performance, promotion of creativity and innovation among the workers, increase the job satisfaction, and encouragement about leadership are the key factors for the whole discussion. Similarities among the articles Discussion of the similarities among the three articles must be started with the central idea of the entire study that is the effective and efficient management of the human resource capital of a business organisation. The most common aspects of the three articles are management of the team, leadership to the team, motivation to the team, and control the direction of the human capital of the organisation towards the achievement of the ultimate business goal. The similar concepts presented in the articles are significant for dominating organisational behaviour. In the article entitled Linking Merger and Acquisition Strategies to Postmerger Integration, Brueller, Carmeli and Markman (2016) have mentioned the core application of human resource management process by elaborating how organisations usually make the conversion of human capital into organizational outcomes. Notably, the article reflects effective and efficient utilisation of organisational human resource with proper decision making so that correct people can be placed for the right job at the exact time by providing necessary training and motivation. Also, the management must influence the role playing of employees by imposing a sense of desired organizational behaviour that can lead the whole unit to the taste of success. In the article, Process Studies of Change in Organization and Management, Langley et al. (2013) has focused on how things develop, emerge, grow or terminate over the period of time in the management. Precisely the study describes how to manage and control the organizational change with the process of making decisions regarding the human capital and management of organizational behaviour for the sake of developmental flow of the organization. On the other hand, in the Leading virtual teams, Hoch and Kozlowski (2014) have found that motivating the human capital of a business organization i.e. the workers and employees, through proper performance appraisal process and rewarding process, is very helpful for the accomplishment of the organizational objectives. Through fulfilling individual objectives for the achieve ment of the predetermined organizational aim, management can influence decision making. After careful observation and study of all the three articles, the fact has been cleared out that improper management and control of the most important element of a business organisation i.e. human resource or human capital will make the organisation unable to fulfil its objectives and achieve its goals. If the human capital and the organisational behaviour can be managed in a proper way with correct decisions, the outcome will help the firm to the peak of success. The difference among the articles Though the concepts and general ideas are same, the point of views of each article has described differences in the managerial premises. In their article, Langley et al. (2013) has focused on the risk assessment along with risk management that have been given more priority for gaining stability in the rapidly changing business environment. The study defines that wrong assessment and control of organisational risk is very harmful to the ratio of profitability of the business. The right choice of decisions and planning of the human resource can ensure proper flow of organisational activities and fulfilment of objectives. In the other article, Hoch and Kozlowski (2014) have promoted the leadership structure that has been given more emphasis. Notably, leadership is something that has the power to direct the organisation to the joy of success or the frustration of failure. Brueller, Carmeli and Markman (2016), in the article have expressed how to enhance the abilities, skills and knowledg e for the betterment of performance of the personnel mainly the key personnel of the organization as the key personnel have the ability to accept and get used to fast with the changing situation. Meanwhile, they can transfer the flow of implementation of the ideas actively within the whole organizational activities. The objectives and goals of business organizations are unique and different from each other. The aims have been finalised according to the financial and managerial structure of the business. Moreover, the decision-making pattern of the organization is also dissimilar in nature i.e. each business organization identifies their objectives, priorities, scopes and goals in their different competitive premises (Hoch and Kozlowski, 2014). However, the focus of all the articles is proper control and management of human resource or human capital of the business the reaching path and planning to that goal is not similar. Possible reconciliations From the similar point of view of these three articles, some possible reconciliation can be made through the explanation of some quotes regarding human resource. Based on the articles, only having the best planning and best strategies are not enough for development of the organization but making a proper combination of good things of the mind and heart of different organizational people for the sake of organizational development is really necessary. On the other hand, the lifeblood of a business organization is financial resource. Notably, the brain of a business organization is the human resource that emphasizes more on the decision making process for recruiting the right person at the right time for achieving the desired and optimum outcome of any of the organizational activities (Hoch and Kozlowski, 2014). For the proper maintenance of human resource of a business organization, some important aspects must be remembered so that they will always be able to accept the changes of the internal as well as external environments. For this purpose ensuring appropriate leadership approach is very important as required on basis of particular organizational premise. Management of grievance among the employees and the workers, enforcing proper appraisal of the performance given by the employees and the workers is very important for the desired maintainability of the organizational behaviour (Langley et al., 2013). The decision making of human resources must be influenced through identification, evaluation and attracting them towards the organizational goal. Moreover, decision making depends on the application of required leadership approach that can maintain a good and healthy organizational climate. Integration of the information Integration of human resource planning and the organisational planning for ensuring best possible utilisation of resources, human and material is very important. By maintaining a good and ethical organisational environment through the enforcement of proper behavioural approach within the workplace, the organisational behaviour has increased the potentiality of human resource management (Langley et al., 2013). On the other hand, preparing the organisations human resources to meet the challenges of changes due to technological development and modernization in the internal as well as the external environment of the organisation is one of the most significant tasks of human resource management department. Admittedly, objective of human resource planning also includes making the proper plan for the recruitment and selection so as to cater to the appropriate needs of the business organization so that it can achieve the future development, diversification expansion and modernization, etc (B rueller, Carmeli and Markman, 2016). In simple words, human resource management or manpower planning is the process by which the management of an organization ensures that it has the right number of people, the right kind of people, at the right places, and at the right time, for various operations and in connection with the organizational objectives and goals. Management and control of organisational behaviour in the decision-making context can be defined as a process and also a strategy for the acquisition, utilisation, improvement, retention and maintenance of human resources over a definite future period. By making a balance, the demand and supply of a requisite number of manpower in a business organisation can be controlled. The right calculation of forecasting of future human resource requirements in an organization is made after carefully studying and analysing the past ratios relating to the number of employees of each category, level of production, total sales volume or number of sales persons, activity level or workload level and direct indirect employees of the organization is a very crucial task. Application of the theories in real life scenario According to the articles, leading organisational people toward attaining the predefined goals and objectives is a complex process that is known as leadership. The human resource study implies that people always striving for a leadership position in their professional career. Leadership has that ability to impose proper organisational behaviour to direct the organisational people towards the accomplishment of the organisational objectives for the sake of achieving organisational goals. The most significant factor of a good and successful organisation is decision making. The Proper way of making good decision involves the collection of relevant data and information and accurate interpretation of the information for setting the function sequentially is a very important aspect of a business organisation. For instance, Microsoft enforces some vital behavioural approach i.e. respect for the people, individual commitment to creativity, learning and flexibility, individual willingness to ch ange. Microsoft has properly explained to its employees what means the actual sense of organisational behaviour and why it is so important (Brueller, Carmeli and Markman, 2016). Microsoft has given consistent performance in achieving a high quality of life and high level of performance of the employees simultaneously. Enforcement of social responsibilities and ethics in day-to-day works has made the company globally recognised in their particular field. Microsoft uses modern workplace trends i.e. honest commitment to ethical behaviour, the importance of human capital, emphasis on team work, the significant influence of information technology, respect for new job profile and new workplace expectation and through the application of all of these, it changes the definition of career and job. An organisation is the collection of different people who are working together in the different departments related to different works to achieve a common goal. By keeping this definition in mind, Microsoft creates a sense that the process of gaining knowledge and utilising data and information to adapt the changing business surroundings and business environment to achieve s uccess in the business through organisational learning is a vital aspect of human resource management. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that the proper decision making is critical for maintaining healthy good organisational behaviour in the internal as well as the external environment of a business organisation. After analysing and identifying the key factors of the three articles, some facts have been made i.e. management and control of human capital with proper decision making is imperative for enforcing desired organisational behaviour among the personnel of the organisation. In this context, the focus of the human resource department can be explained as a process which reviews the total system of management programs which facilitate the development, allocation and monitoring all the aspects and activities related to human resource. Also, effective decision making develops a statement of finding with recommendations for correcting deviations and evaluates the current manpower inventory. Similarly, it identifies any deficit or excess compare to the predetermined levels. Finally, the proper maintenance of organisational behaviour builds a sound organisational structure and cordial working relationships with the organisational people to establish an organisational climate and culture of teamwork, mutual respect and a sense of belonging. References Brueller, N., Carmeli, A. and Markman, G. (2016). Linking Merger and Acquisition Strategies to Postmerger Integration.Journal of Management, pp.1-26. Hoch, J. and Kozlowski, S. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), pp.390-403. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A. (2013). Process Studies of Change in Organization and Management: Unveiling Temporality, Activity, and Flow.The Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), pp.1-13.